Monte-Carlo tree search with heuristic knowledge: A novel way in solving capturing and life and death problems in Go

Monte-Carlo (MC) tree search is a new research field. Its effectiveness in searching large state spaces, such as the Go game tree, is well recognized in the computer Go community. Go domain- specific heuristics and techniques as well as domain-independent heuristics and techniques are sys- tematically investigated in the context of the MC tree search in this dissertation. The search extensions based on these heuristics and techniques can significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the MC tree search. Two major areas of investigation are addressed in this dissertation research: I. The identification and use of the effective heuristic knowledge in guiding the MC simulations, II. The extension of the MC tree search algorithm with heuristics. Go, the most challenging board game to the machine, serves as the test bed. The effectiveness of the MC tree search extensions is demonstrated through the performances of Go tactic problem solvers using these techniques. The main contributions of this dissertation include: 1. A heuristics based Monte-Carlo tactic tree search framework is proposed to extend the standard Monte-Carlo tree search. 2. (Go) Knowledge based heuristics are systematically investigated to improve the Monte-Carlo tactic tree search. 3. Pattern learning is demonstrated as effective in improving the Monte-Carlo tactic tree search. 4. Domain knowledge independent tree search enhancements are shown as effective in improving the Monte-Carlo tactic tree search performances. 5. A strong Go Tactic solver based on proposed algorithms outperforms traditional game tree search algorithms. The techniques developed in this dissertation research can benefit other game domains and ap- plication fields

Evolution of hydrogen and helium co-implanted single-crystal silicon during annealing

H+H+ was implanted into single-crystal silicon with a dose of 1×1016/cm21×1016/cm2 and an energy of 30 KeV, and then He+He+ was implanted into the same sample with the same dose and an energy of 33 KeV. Both of the implantations were performed at room temperature. Subsequently, the samples were annealed in a temperature range from 200 to 450 °C450 °C for 1 h. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry/channeling, elastic recoil detection, and high resolution x-ray diffraction were employed to characterize the strain, defects, and the distribution of H and He in the samples. The results showed that co-implantation of H and He decreases the total implantation dose, with which the surface could exfoliate during annealing. During annealing, the distribution of hydrogen did not change, but helium moved deeper and its distribution became sharper. At the same time, the maximum of the strain in the samples decreased a lot and also moved deeper. Furthermore, the defects introduced by ion implantation and annealing were characterized by slow positron annihilation spectroscopy, and two positron trap peaks were found. After annealing, the maximum of these two peaks decreased at the same time and their positions moved towards the surface. No bubbles or voids but cracks and platelets were observed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the relationship between the total implantation dose and the fraction of hydrogen in total implantation dose was calculated. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70387/2/JAPIAU-90-8-3780-1.pd

Defect and strain in hydrogen and helium coimplanted single-crystal silicon

In this paper we studied the processes of blistering and exfoliation on the surface of crystal silicon, the evolution of defects/strains in the crystal silicon caused by hydrogen and helium coimplantation during annealing, and the formation of platelets and bubbles in the crystal. It is shown that H + and He + coimplantation produces a synergistic effect, which greatly decreases the total implantation dose, compared with either just H + or He + implantation. We also present the effect of coimplantation and analyse the different roles of H and He in the process of exfoliation during annealing. It seems that the essential role of hydrogen is to interact chemically with the defects in the silicon and create H-stabilized platelets, while the role of helium is to effuse into these platelets and exert a pressure on the inner surface of these platelets. The damage caused by coimplantation is lower than by hydrogen implantation (at the dose that exfoliation requires).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48907/2/d10102.pd

The safety and efficacy of carbon nanoparticle suspension injection versus indocyanine green tracer-guided lymph node dissection during radical gastrectomy (FUTURE-01): A single-center randomized controlled trial protocol

BackgroundThe use of lymph node (LN) tracers can help obtain a complete dissection of the lymph nodes and increase the detection rate of LNs and metastatic LNs. Carbon nanoparticle suspension injection (CNSI) and indocyanine green (ICG) have been widely used in radical gastrectomy in recent years. Nevertheless, the comparison of their clinical effects has not been studied.Method/designThe FUTURE-01 trial will be the first randomized, open-label, single-center trial to compare CNSI and ICG. The study started in 2021 and enrolled 96 patients according to a prior sample size calculation. The primary outcome is the number of LNs retrieved. The secondary outcomes are LN staining rate, LN metastasis rate, stained LN metastasis rate, perioperative recovery and survival.ConclusionBy comparing the safety and efficacy of CNSI and ICG tracer-guided LN dissection in patients with gastric cancer, we can determine the most appropriate LN tracer at present. With the help of LN tracers, the operation is simplified, and the prognosis of these patients is improved. Our study is a prospective exploration of the safety, efficacy, and prognosis of CNSI and ICG.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05229874?cond=NCT05229874&draw=2&rank=1, identifier NCT05229874

Comparison between the different implantation orders in H + and He + coimplantation

H + and He + were implanted into single crystals in different orders (H + first or He + first). Subsequently, the samples were annealed at different temperatures from 200 °C to 450 °C for 1 h. Cross sectional transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and channelling, elastic recoil detection were employed to characterize the defects and the distribution of H and He in the samples. Furthermore, the positron traps introduced by ion implantation and annealing were characterized by slow positron annihilation spectroscopy. Both orders in the coimplantation of H and He have the ability to decreases the total implantation dose after annealing. No bubbles or voids but cracks and platelets, were observed by cross sectional transmission electron microscopy. The different implantation orders affect the density of interstitial atoms and positron traps.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48910/2/d10406.pd

Emerging Roles of Ubiquitination in Biomolecular Condensates

Biomolecular condensates are dynamic non-membrane-bound macromolecular high-order assemblies that participate in a growing list of cellular processes, such as transcription, the cell cycle, etc. Disturbed dynamics of biomolecular condensates are associated with many diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Extensive efforts have been devoted to uncovering the molecular and biochemical grammar governing the dynamics of biomolecular condensates and establishing the critical roles of protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in this process. Here, we summarize the regulatory roles of ubiquitination (a major form of cellular PTM) in the dynamics of biomolecular condensates. We propose that these regulatory mechanisms can be harnessed to combat many diseases